酒那么难喝,为什么还有那么多人喜欢?
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很多人小时候都经历过,被大人骗喝酒的经历:
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那时候真觉得,酒又辣又冲,大人为什么能那么爱喝呢?
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长大之后,尝了第一口啤酒,第一口白酒,第一口威士忌,还是会难喝到怀疑人生,甚至憋着气一口闷下去,半天缓不过来。
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为什么那么难喝的酒,会有那么多人喜欢,甚至每天都想喝一杯呢?
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喜欢喝酒
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其实和好不好喝没关系
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酒,根据原料、酿造工艺不同,有非常多细分的种类和不同的风味物质,也就是所谓的酒香。
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但无论是哪一种,咱都得承认:酒,确实「不好」喝。
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酒中的主要化学物质乙醇(酒精)本身就具有「苦」的风味,高度数的酒精还会带来灼烧感。出于保护身体的本能,人天然不会认为这是「好喝」的东西。
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那为什么有人会爱上这种「难喝」的东西,甚至忍不住再来几杯?
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为了解答喝酒的秘密,科学家们找来一群小鼠做实验,记录了它们从不喝酒,到被电击也要喝的全过程。
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自然情况下,让小鼠爱上喝酒并不容易。
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为了让小鼠喝起来,科学家们首先给酒里加入了甜蜜蜜的糖(配比 15%的乙醇)后,神奇的事情发生了,老鼠开始主动喝酒了。
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有没有觉得这很像很多人,觉得米酒和小甜酒喝着还挺不错。
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但这时还无法确认,小鼠们喝得这么主动,到底是因为喜欢糖还是因为喜欢酒本身。
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随着小鼠喝酒次数变多,科学家开始逐渐减少酒中糖的浓度,直到彻底不加糖。
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小鼠们则一改最初「打死不喝」的样子,开始逐渐接受喝酒,而且会主动找酒喝。
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此时的小鼠,为了能喝一口酒,甚至可以忍受折磨:
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在酒里加入奎宁(巨苦无比的物质),小鼠依然会主动去喝;
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在喝酒的时候给予电击,还是有一部分小鼠,义无反顾的要喝。
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这种宁可承受痛苦也要喝酒的行为被称为强迫性饮酒,在很多酗酒人群中可以看得到。
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除此之外,有大量实验展示了一件重要的事:酒这玩意,爱不爱的,本质上跟好不好喝没关系!
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如果有机会采访爱喝酒的朋友,让 TA 回忆下开始喝酒的场景,很多人都会发现:
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大多数一开始并不爱喝,也觉得酒难喝。但慢慢就从一杯变成两杯,再变成一瓶、多瓶,甚至不喝就难受。
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喜欢喝酒
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是酒精控制大脑的假象
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很多人喝酒,并不是喜欢酒的味道,而是喜欢随之而来的那种「醉了」的快感。
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这其实是酒精操控着大脑,让你觉得「好喝 & 喜欢」。
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喝下一口酒后,酒精根本不需要消化,会快速被血液吸收进入大脑,对大脑的进行快准狠地控制——让大脑快速兴奋起来。
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快乐是所有生物共同的期待,大脑中主要有两种物质和它相关:一个是多巴胺,就是日常会让人「快乐」的物质,另一种则是「GABA 神经」,它管控着多巴胺,让多巴胺有节制的释放。
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人类的大脑经过千百万年的进化,平时是比较有节制的,不会太容易被迷惑或失控。
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但酒精这种千载难逢的物质,是一种中枢抑制剂,可以迷惑 GABA 神经,让大脑释放更多的多巴胺。
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而且只要很少的酒精,就可以显著提高大脑的奖赏核心区域「伏隔核(NAc)」的多巴胺的水平。
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人类脑成像研究发现,静脉注射酒精和喝下去同样可以显著提高多巴胺水平,并且注射酒精后多巴胺反应越强的人越喜欢喝酒。在人体上验证爱喝酒和酒精味道无关。
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图片来源:文献
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更多的多巴胺意味着什么呢?感到欣快、放纵、轻松。
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如此简单就能获取快乐,会让人放松警惕,一次又一次端起酒杯:
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开心的时候,喝酒庆祝下;
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难过的时候,喝酒缓解下;
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焦虑的时候,喝酒放松下;
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没事的时候,喝酒快乐下……
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不知不觉中,喝酒的次数越来越多,对于酒精的依赖也越来越强。越来越能忍受酒精的味道,越来越喜欢喝酒。
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直到最后,大脑沉浸在酒精带来的虚假快乐中——成瘾。
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这时的人所追求的,不是好喝,也不是快乐,而是酒精本身。就像那些遭受电击也义无反顾要喝酒的小鼠一样,大脑已经被酒精绑架了。
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当然,在临床医学上对于成瘾有明确的定义,也并不是简单的每天喝就是成瘾表现,但的确我们会发现,酒这玩意儿喝着喝着就不一样了。
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喜不喜欢,好不好喝
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都最好不要尝试第一口
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其实,在喝第一口酒的时候,我们的身体就发出了警告:辣口、头晕、心慌……
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酒精作为 I 类致癌物,有明确的毒性,这些不适感其实是身体对有害物入侵的预警。
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但很多人却忽视了这些难受,反而被酒精带来的虚假愉悦所迷惑,甚至劝说自己和别人:酒很好喝。
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只要喝了第一口,哪怕只是一杯甜滋滋的米酒和果酒,那也是酒精摄入,它就会攻击大脑,然后慢慢让人能小酌几杯,甚至彻底爱上喝酒,离不开酒,最后甚至产生依赖。
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她们跟你说好喝,她们告诉你只是小甜水,微醺的快乐,却没有告诉你喝酒的危害??我们会不会就像开头那只小白鼠,被灌下了更多加了糖的酒精。
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图片来源:网络截图
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人类意志无法克服大脑的天性,不要开始,或许才是最好的选择。
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然而在生活中,有无数的机会和场合让人喝上第一口酒:
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「感情深,一口闷」
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「酒量练练就出来了」
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「就喝一口没事的」
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「这个度数不高,你可以试试看」
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……
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酒桌上,虚假的快乐之外,酒精又披上了权利和社交的外衣,和人品挂钩,和交友关联,和胆量等同……
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这时候,喝不喝跟喜不喜欢,已经没关系了。
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<p>
来源:丁香医生
</p> 烟也难闻,为啥还那么多人抽烟,特别那种叶子烟,抽了还要到处吐口水 必须喝 我26年,就喝过一杯梅子酒和几瓶啤酒~ 酒和烟都是一种社交工具,是谁发明的并不重要,重要的是它广为流传。人们为了生存就要进行人与人之间的交往,自然地就要与烟酒亲密接触,慢慢地就上瘾了。这就是抽烟喝酒的原因。 我就不喜欢喝酒 喝的是寂寞{:18_716:} 我活了几十岁,也被迫喝了不少酒,至今还是觉得难喝。从没感觉到酒带来的快乐。不知道为啥子 嗯 。 小毛病 喝的不是酒,喝的是人情世故