糖吃多了有多大危害?
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今天的文章,从一段尘封了 50 年的秘密对话开始:
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We are well aware of your particular interest, and will cover this as well as we can.
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(我们非常看重你的意见,我们将尽可能「搞定」此事。)
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Let me assure you this is quite what we had in mind, and we look forward to its appearance in print.
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(我很确定这就是我们想要的,期待这些内容尽快发表、印刷出来。)
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第一句话来自于当时哈佛大学著名的营养学教授 Dr. Hegsted,而第二句话来自于制糖公司的高管 John Hickson。
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显然,这个哈佛教授写了一篇制糖业高管想要的「软文」。
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而这篇软文刊登在顶级医学杂志 NEJM(新英格兰医学杂志)上,
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以至于把心血管疾病防治的膳食建议「带偏了」几十年。
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相关丑闻直至 2016 年才被美国医学会内科杂志披露,但造成的潜在健康伤害,已经无法估量。
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这一切是怎么发生的?糖对健康到底有什么危害?
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用金钱洗白「糖的危机」
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让我们回到 50 年前,文章开头那个年代的美国。
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可以说,美国是所有发达国家中「饮食最不健康」的,
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高糖、高脂、高热量是美国人的饮食特色,这也导致美国肥胖、冠心病、糖尿病高发。
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为了维持庞大的糖工业帝国的市场销售,从上个世纪 60 年代开始,各大糖巨头组织的糖业协会就利用自己的「金钱」影响力,不断对营养学专家进行渗透。
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最直接有效的方法,
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就是让顶级营养学专家在顶级杂志上刊登「糖无害」的观点。
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于是他们找到了哈佛医学院的几名教授,和医学领域最牛的新英格兰医学杂志。
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当时每名教授收到了相当于现在 5 万美元的商业贿赂,
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于是他们在之后的几十年都为糖工业摇旗呐喊。
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其中一位科学家正是开头提到的 Dr. Mark Hegsted,后来他当上美国农业部营养部门负责人,并于 1977 年帮助起草联邦政府的第一版膳食指南;另外一位是哈佛大学营养学院院长 Fredrick J.Stare。
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在之后的几十年间,不管是学术文章还是官方膳食指南,都没有指出糖的危害。
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直到 2007 年美国食品药品监督管理局的听证会上,都没有任何糖与心脏病、糖尿病有关的警示。
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50 年间,不知道有多少人因为糖遭受病痛。仅在 2012 年度,美国就有 702 308 例心血管及代谢疾病相关的死亡,其中已被证明有 10.8% 的冠心病死亡及 14.8% 的糖尿病死亡与含糖饮料相关。
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前文提到的几位教授已经过世,但真相在 2010 年才被发现,并在去年被发布出来,他们也被永远钉在了学术的耻辱柱上。
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糖到底有哪些危害?
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根据最新的研究显示,
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除了是冠心病的危险因素以外,糖还与肥胖、糖尿病、高血压、痛风等疾病密切相关。
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有临床研究发现,如果把饮食中的饱和脂肪酸代替以相同能量的糖(蔗糖或果葡糖浆,含糖饮料常用添加物),会发现低密度脂蛋白、甘油三脂升高,而高密度脂蛋白降低,这些变化都与冠心病风险增加相关。
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换句话说,比起饱和脂肪酸,吃下同等能量的糖,对血脂的影响更大。
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一项纳入 17 万多人的研究探讨了含糖饮料与冠心病的关系,研究者发现,每天多喝 1 份含糖饮料(1 份=330 毫升,大约一听饮料),冠心病的风险就增加 16%,喝得越多,风险越高。
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看来,糖吃多了真的会「伤心」。
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吃下多少糖就有危害
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答案是,即使喝一瓶 600 毫升的含糖饮料,也会造成损伤。
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常喝含糖饮料可能导致冠心病,这个是之前的研究中已经证实的。但想不到的是,一瓶 600 毫升的含糖饮料也能搞出不少事情。
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这个结论来自于一项发表于心血管领域权威期刊 ATVB 的研究,研究纳入健康的志愿者,平均年龄为 31 岁,每人发一瓶 600 毫升含糖饮料(含 72 克糖,能量为 1 200 千焦),然后以喝纯净水为对照。
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结果发现,喝完 600 毫升含糖饮料后,志愿者的微血管功能及大血管内皮功能明显受损,可能与血糖增高引起的反应相关。
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要限制的是「坏糖」
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虽然一小瓶含糖饮料就具有「杀伤力」,但我们没必要把所有糖都拒于门外。
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因为糖类是人体必须的三大营养物质之一,应该均衡地摄入。
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真正需要限制摄入的是「添加糖」,即非食物本身含有的糖。
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世界卫生组织在 2014 年营养指南中建议:
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成人每天添加糖摄入量应控制在总能量的 5% 以下,即约 25~30 克每天。
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说到糖的种类,额外添加的「坏糖」主要是蔗糖或果葡糖浆,而不是淀粉、纤维素等「多糖」。
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如果大家留意过饮料包装就会发现,大部分含糖饮料添加的就是白砂糖,而白砂糖 95% 以上的成分为蔗糖,少部分添加的是果葡糖浆。
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已有大量的研究发现,相对于淀粉等「多糖」,蔗糖及果糖可诱导血脂升高、胰岛素抵抗、血小板功能障碍,最终导致肥胖、冠心病、糖尿病的发生。
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如果能限制蔗糖及果糖的摄入,以上异常可得到明显的逆转。
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多喝白开水,少喝含糖饮料
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在含糖饮料中,除了常见的可乐之外,还有很多成员,比如果汁饮料、运动饮料、功能饮料、冰茶、酸奶、凉茶、酸梅汤等。
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以世界卫生组织「每天摄入添加糖不超过 25 克」为准,随便喝 1 瓶饮料就可能超标。
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转了一大圈我们才发现,
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对于国人来说,最健康的饮料还是——白开水。
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<p>
来源:丁香医生
</p> 然而现在每天一杯奶茶都快成年轻人的标配了 以前挺爱喝饮料的,自从看了这篇以后就不敢了,烧开水去了 正在吃着糖,就看到了这篇推文,一分钟之前[撇嘴]又被监控了 凉白开…健康水 但是白开水没有味。。。能添加味道的,咖啡啊,茶啊,都有咖啡因
平时泡什么喝水啊!!! 哦 哦 不管它 有吃的就行
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